For these reasons, we consider R genes to be double-edged " swords" and miRNAs as molecular "scabbards". miRNAs reduce R gene levels under normal conditions and allow induction of R gene expression under various stresses. In the past decade, many microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified to target various R genes in plant genomes. Misregulation of R genes leads to developmental defects, such as stunted growth and reduced fertility. Even though plant R genes provide important natural resources for breeding disease-resistant crops, their presence in the plant genome comes at a cost. During plant-pathogen coevolution, plant genomes accumulated large numbers of R genes. R protein-mediated pathogen resistance is usually race specific. Plant resistance (R) proteins are immune receptors that recognize pathogen effectors and trigger rapid defense responses, namely effector-triggered immunity. MicroRNA-mediated R gene regulation: molecular scabbards for double-edged swords.ĭeng, Yingtian Liu, Minglei Li, Xiaofei Li, Feng Mainstream education and the skills it teaches are necessary to survive in contemporary life, but mainstream values may be destructive to humanity and must be balanced by learning activities that promote heart,… Moreover, we verify that such double-edged sword effect exists in a wide range of model parameters and can be still observed in other different punishment regimes.Įducation Is a Double-Edged Sword: Thoughts on Indian and Non-Indian Education.įor Native people and others who feel the dangers of the dominant materialistic world view, education is a double-edged sword. Whereas when it is relatively difficult for conditional punishers to engage in the punishment activity corresponding to a high threshold value, cooperation is inhibited in comparison with the case without conditional punishment. Specifically, when it is relatively easy for conditional punishers to engage in the punishment activity corresponding to a low threshold value, cooperation can be promoted in comparison with the case without conditional punishment. Considering conditional punishers only take the punishing action when the number of unconditional punishers exceeds a threshold number, we demonstrate that such conditional punishment induces the effect of a double-edged sword on the evolution of cooperation both in well-mixed and structured populations. In this work, we thus propose a theoretical model for conditional punishment and investigate how such conditional punishment influences cooperation in the public goods game. Recent experimental study evidences that individuals prefer conditional punishment, and their punishing decision depends on other members' punishing decisions. However, punishment is costly, and thus rational individuals are unwilling to take the punishing action, resulting in the second-order free-rider problem. Punishment is widely recognized as an effective approach for averting from exploitation by free-riders in human society. Therefore, we have to make ample preparation (laboratory facilities/services, main power, and research) from now on in order to face the problems and challenges.Ĭonditional punishment is a double-edged sword in promoting cooperation. Now, the prevalence of these immune diseases is on the rise and has become a new challenge to our country towards developed country in 2020. Therefore, "The Immune Mechanism: "A Double-Edged Sword" means that the immune mechanism (consisted of antibody mediated mechanism and T cell mediated mechanism), just like one edge playing the role of giving benefit (immunity) as it destroys the agent of infection, and another one can be detrimental as it will cause tissue/cell damages and then give rise to immune diseases (immunopathology). Immunology has now developed into an independent discipline in medicine which covers not only germ infection which is related to immunity solely but also covers a lot of non-infectious diseases such as autoimmune disease, allergies, and others. Immune mechanism: a ' double-edged sword'. On the one hand, it presents compelling characters and accounts that provide… In this article, we argue that fiction is a double-edged sword that must be handled carefully. ![]() Teachers of history have long recognized this connection and used a range of fictional accounts in their teaching. There are many areas of overlap between history and fiction. Fiction, History and Pedagogy: A Double-Edged SwordĮRIC Educational Resources Information Center
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